Fig 1.
CONSORT flow chart and study design.
a. A Crossover design with a two-week washout period separating each trial. b. Summary of study visits and procedures. PES–Home care peripheral electrical stimulation treatment, MGTT–meal glucose tolerance test. In visits V1-V6 and the follow up (FU) visit, all patients underwent a clinical evaluation, and BT (blood tests) were taken. c. PES signal treatment pattern.
Table 1.
Baseline patients' characteristics.
Fig 2.
Mean interstitial glucose levels averaged over selected time intervals.
24 h, nighttime, and early morning glucose. CONTROL, Glucose average over the two weeks of control period, PES, Glucose average over the second week of PES treatment. Data are means ± SEM
Table 2.
Fasting and Postprandial States Results (CGM data).
Fig 3.
Cortisol levels at the end of the PES and control periods.
a. The cortisol outcome of the two-period crossover trial presented for the CT (n = 6) and TC (n = 5) arms. CT: Control-Treatment arm, TC: Treatment-Control arm. b. Mean Cortisol levels (n = 11), Data are means ± SEM.
Fig 4.
Multi-parametric, heat map analysis.
Each column represents a single subject, and the color scale indicates the normalized value of each one of the parameters. The parameters are ordered by hierarchical clustering using the Euclidean distance metric algorithm. Cluster (A) parameters are related to mechanisms that involve HGP pathways, where cluster (B) parameters are more influenced from glucose utilization. More details are found in S2 and S3 Tables.