Fig 1.
Map of the eastern area on Lake Shikotsu (C) in Hokkaido (B), Japan showing 30 camera-trap sites.
We divided the study area into 32 grid cells each 31.25-ha in size and placed infrared-triggered cameras in 30 grid cells (black circles). We made this map ourselves, using contour lines and coastline from Geospatial Information Authority of Japan.
Table 1.
Number of photos in each season and percentage of camera-trap photographic records of eight mammals recorded around Lake Shikotsu.
Fig 2.
Target mammals taken by infrared-cameras.
A, Ursus arctos, brown bear; B, Cervus nippon, sika deer; C, Lepus timidus, mountain hare; D, Sciurus vulgaris orientis, Eurasian red squirrel; E, Nyctereutes procyonoides, raccoon dog; F, Procyon lotor, raccoon; G, Vulpes vulpes, red fox; H, Martes melampus, Japanese marten. All photos were taken by T. Ikeda.
Table 2.
Diel activity patterns throughout the year for each mammal.
Fig 3.
Diel activity patterns of eight mammals throughout the year.
Black line and bars, dark grey shaded area, and light grey shaded areas indicate kernel density estimates, daily photo events, night-time, and twilight, respectively.
Table 3.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in diurnal (Eurasian red squirrels) and nocturnal (raccoon dogs and raccoons) mammals.
Fig 4.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in Eurasian red squirrels.
Black line and bars, dark grey shaded area, and light grey shaded areas indicate kernel density estimates, daily photo events, night-time, and twilight, respectively.
Fig 5.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in raccoon dogs (upper) and raccoons (lower).
Black line and bars, dark grey shaded area, and light grey shaded areas indicate kernel density estimates, daily photo events, night-time, and twilight, respectively.
Table 4.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in crepuscular mammals (sika deer and mountain hares).
Table 5.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in cathemeral mammals (brown bears, red foxes, and Japanese martens).
Fig 6.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in sika deer (upper) and mountain hares (lower).
Black line and bars, dark grey shaded area, and light grey shaded areas indicate kernel density estimates, daily photo events, night-time, and twilight, respectively.
Fig 7.
Seasonal patterns of diel activity in brown bears (upper), red foxes (middle), and Japanese martens (lower).
Black line and bars, dark grey shaded area, and light grey shaded areas indicate kernel density estimates, daily photo events, night-time, and twilight, respectively.
Table 6.
Results of GLMM for predator-prey interactions between prey species (Eurasian red squirrels or mountain hares) and predator species (red foxes and Japanese martens).
Table 7.
Results of GLMM for competitive interactions between raccoons and raccoon dogs or red foxes.