Fig 1.
EMG electrode placement and emotional expression measurement in Study 1.
Activity of the Zygomaticus major was measured to assess smiling (related to happiness); activity of the Corrugator supercilii was measured to assess frowning (related to anger, disgust, sadness, and fear); activity of the Levator labii Superioris was measured to assess upper lip raising (related to disgust); and activity of the Lateral frontalis was measured to assess eyebrow raising (related to surprise).
Fig 2.
At the beginning of each block, an introduction-picture was presented, followed by 2–4 trials. (A) In the Emotion-Inference condition, the instruction “How does XXX (e.g., Hashimoto) feel?” was presented in Japanese. (B) In the Passive (control) condition, a fixation cross was presented. Reprinted from the ATR Facial Expression Image Database DB99 under a CC BY license, with permission from ATR-Promotions Inc., original copyright (2006).
Fig 3.
Z scores of EMG activity by emotion for each muscle type (targeted or non-targeted) in (a) the Emotion-Inference condition (N = 26) and (b) the Passive condition (N = 24). Error bars represent standard error of the mean.
Fig 4.
Time course of EMG activity of targeted and non-targeted muscles from morphing onset in (a) the Emotion-Inference condition and (b) the Passive condition. The horizontal axis shows time elapsed from morphing onset (in milliseconds), and the vertical axis shows z-score of EMG amplitude for each muscle type. Error bars represent standard error of the mean at each time point.
Fig 5.
Mean occurrence rates of each AU type (targeted and non-targeted) when participants were (a) inferring emotional states (N = 28) or (b) judging external traits (N = 27) of the targets. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.