Fig 1.
Diagram of a grape production system.
Arrows represent flows of events (red), information (dashed black), and matter or energy (dotted blue).
Fig 2.
Main modelling concepts and their connections.
Boxes represent classes from the DIESE framework (white) and those specific to Dhivine (shaded). Solid arrows represent particularisation relationships and dashed arrows association relationships.
Table 1.
Multi-target (MT) activities and their characteristics in the example MG11 vineyard.
Table 2.
Opening (OP) and closing (CP) predicates and other descriptors used in the predicates.
Fig 3.
Plan used for the example MG11 vineyard.
Fig 4.
Location of the plots of the MG11 vineyard.
Table 3.
Description of the plots of the MG11 vineyard.
Fig 5.
Distribution of monthly rain during the three agricultural cycles considered
Fig 6.
Observed and predicted dates of cultivation operations on the Roujan plot of the MG11 vineyard from January to August of 2005–2007.
Operations: CW = chemical weeding; T = tillage; APM = anti-powdery mildew spraying; ADM = anti-downy mildew spraying; APDM = anti-powdery and anti-downy mildew spraying. Dashed lines indicate ± 10 days around observed dates. The two points on the x-axis correspond to observed sprayings that were not simulated, while the point on the y-axis corresponds to a predicted spraying that was not observed.
Fig 7.
Timing of predicted MT- activities from March to July 2007 for three strategies.
Strategy A = the current management strategy, Strategy B = based on A with a change in execution priorities, Strategy C = based on A with change in shoot-removal method at the vineyard scale. Horizontal bars indicate the durations of activities from beginning to ending dates. Activities in black on the top of the figure are common to all three strategies, not having been influenced by changes.