Table 1.
Search string for PubMed which produces 131 results with a filter for publication date to 2015/01/01.
Fig 1.
PRISMA diagram: Flow chart of the strategy used to select articles for review.
Table 2.
Reviewed articles in chronological order, with the affiliation of the corresponding author, species and AVF configuration.
Fig 2.
A section of an artery wall shows the endothelial cells that form the inner lining and align longitudinally in the direction of the flow.
Pressure (P) acts normal to the vessel wall, which results in circumferential stretching of the vessel wall. Shear stress (τ) is parallel to the vessel wall and is exerted longitudinally in the direction of blood flow. The intima, media and adventitia layers of an artery and vein are shown. Vascular smooth muscle cells form the outer layers and align circumferentially. IMT refers to intima media thickness.
Fig 3.
Typical geometry of an arteriovenous fistula is shown with the swing segment highlighted; the dashed blue line highlights a cross section of the vein for which various vascular remodelling responses within the venous segment of an AVF are shown for a healthy vein and an ESRD vein.
Table 3.
Variation of experimental conditions and outcomes for AVF with curved configurations i.e. time of analysis, variation of flow rate, shear stress, lumen cross sectional area (CSA) and intima media thickness (IMT).
Table 4.
Variation of experimental outcomes for AVF with straight configurations.i.e. time of analysis, variation of flow rate, shear stress, lumen cross sectional area (CSA) and intima media thickness (IMT).
Table 5.
Species and location and shear stress distribution of mature AVFs assessed at single time points.
Table 6.
Events leading to intimal hyperplasia.
Table 7.
Main proteinases, cytokines and growth factors involved in IH formation.
Table 8.
Overview of the different theories reviewed on IH within AVFs and their experimental conditions, i.e. time of analysis, shear parameter measured and effect on biological markers and intima media thickness.
Fig 4.
Reconstructions of curved brachiocephalic & radiocephalic fistulae at different longitudinal time points.
* indicates a side to side configuration all other AVFs were configured in an end to side manner.
Fig 5.
Schematic overview of the various data-processing methods employed in the reviewed articles.
Fig 6.
A fistula between the femoral artery and vein in a porcine model and a brachiobasillic fistula in a human patient is shown.
For straight configurations there was a larger increase in arterial lumen area compared to venous lumen area at early time points.