Fig 1.
The schematic diagram of HELLO system.
A: location theory of surface locator; B: location theory of puncture locator; C: real practice of surface locator; D: real practice of puncture locator.
Fig 2.
The schematic procedure of HELLO system.
A: the attachment of surface locator; B: skin marker of puncture target; C: positioning of puncture locator to the lateral marker; D: positioning of puncture locator to the back marker; E: positioned condition and fixation of puncture locator; F: puncture trajectory to the target.
Fig 3.
Fluoroscopy of HELLO system on cadavers.
A: anteroposterior fluoroscopy of the vertebrae with surface locator; B: lateral fluoroscopy of the vertebrae with surface locator; C: final puncture under anteroposterior fluoroscopy at L4/L5 level; D: final puncture under lateral fluoroscopy at L4/L5 level; E: final puncture under anteroposterior fluoroscopy at L5/S1 level; F: final puncture under lateral fluoroscopy at L5/S1 level.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included cadavers.
Table 2.
Fluoroscopy time of puncture procedure in different groups.
Table 3.
Puncture times of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in different groups.
Table 4.
Location time of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in different groups.
Table 5.
Radiation exposure of puncture procedure in different groups.
Fig 4.
Further registered study with updated puncture locator concerning the radiation exposure on sensitive organs.
A: radiation measurement on sensitive organs; B: application of updated puncture locator in clinical practice; C: location theory of second version of puncture locator.