Fig 1.
Location of Sanya and its national ascertained resources.
Table 1.
Criterion tree and weight for evaluating ecological suitability.
Table 2.
Criterion tree and weight for evaluating urban development potential.
Fig 2.
Various spatial variables for multi-criteria evaluations.
Fig 3.
Ecological suitability and urban development potential maps of Sanya.
(a) Ecological suitability map. (b) Urban development potential map.
Fig 4.
Representation of a solution for zoning protected ecological area.
Fig 5.
Pseudo code of the “pseudo-random” initialization.
Fig 6.
An example of the replace-and-alter strategy for generating neighbor solutions.
Fig 7.
An example of the swap strategy for local search.
Fig 8.
Simulated site attribute value surface with multiple peaks.
Fig 9.
Optimization process and validation analysis of the IABC algorithm.
Fig 10.
Improvement process of the global optimal objective function value for the IABC.
Fig 11.
Overlay of the optimization results after repeatedly running the IABC algorithm 10 times.
Fig 12.
Overlay analysis of the IABC optimization result and land-use map.
Table 3.
Land-use quantity statistics of the IABC optimization result.
Fig 13.
Curves of objective function value for the IABC, AgentLA, ACO, DS and IABC* methods (the IABC* method is the same as the IABC method except that initialization is implemented only by the “complete random” method).
Fig 14.
Examples of spatial patterns obtained by the (a) IABC, (b) AgentLA, (c) ACO, and (d) DS methods.
Table 4.
Statistical analysis of optimization results for ten executions of the IABC, AgentLA, ACO and DS methods.