Table 1.
Energy content of diets used to induce obesity and hyperlipidemia.
Fig 1.
Hamsters fed a palatable diet become more obese than hamsters fed commercial purified high-fat diets.
(A) Body weight (g), (B) whole-body fat mass (g), and (C) blood glucose and (D) plasma insulin levels were measured during an OGTT of hamsters fed chow, highly palatable fat- and sugar-rich (HPFS) diet, 31.8E % and 60.0E % purified HF diets for 12 weeks. Values are means ± SEM (n = 10 per group; aP<0.05 for HPFS vs. chow-fed group and cP<0.05 for 60.0E % HF diet vs. chow fed-group, (*** indicates P<0.001).
Fig 2.
Body weight of hamsters fed highly palatable fat- and sugar-rich diet with 0.5% cholesterol supplementation.
Body weight (g) of hamsters fed the highly palatable fat- and sugar-rich (HPFS) diet with 0.5% cholesterol supplementation for 12 weeks. Values are means ± SEM (n = 6 per group; aP<0.05 for HPFS vs. chow-fed, bP<0.05 for HPFS + 0.5% cholesterol vs. chow-fed group).
Table 2.
Diet-induced obesity and hypercholesterolemia in the Golden Syrian hamster.
Fig 3.
Effect of treatment with liraglutide and linagliptin on body weight and glycaemic control in DIO hamsters.
(A) Body weight change (% of day 0) of obese hyperlipidemic hamsters treated for 26 days with vehicle (PO, QD), liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, SC, BID) or linagliptin (3.0 mg/kg, PO, QD). Mean weight on day 0 was 185.6 ± 18.29 g. Absolute weight loss for the liraglutide group was 31.8 ± 14.6 g. (B, C) blood glucose and (D, E) plasma insulin responses to an OGTT following 26 days of treatment with vehicle (PO, QD), liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, SC, BID) or linagliptin (3.0 mg/kg, PO, QD). Hamsters were semi-fasted 16 h before the OGTT. Drugs were administered 45 min prior to the oral glucose load (2g/kg). Hamsters included in the study were fed a HPFS diet with 0.5% cholesterol supplemented for 12 weeks before initiation of the study. Values are means ± SEM (n = 6 per group; aP<0.05 for liraglutide vs. vehicle group, bP<0.05 for linagliptin vs. vehicle group, (** indicates P<0.01).
Table 3.
Effect of liraglutide and linagliptin on body weight, and blood lipids.
Fig 4.
Effect of NMU, PYY3-36, liraglutide or co-treatment with liraglutide and PYY3-36 on body weight and cumulative energy intake.
(A) Body weight change (% of day 0), (B) Cumulative total energy intake (kJ), (C) cumulative intake of the HPFS diet with 0.5% cholesterol supplement (kJ), and (D) cumulative intake of regular chow (kJ) after 14 days treatment of obese hyperlipidemic hamsters with vehicle (SC, BID) + vehicle (osmotic pump), liraglutide (0.1 mg/kg, SC, BID) + vehicle (osmotic pump), vehicle (SC, BID) + PYY3-36 (1.0 mg/kg/day, osmotic pump), the co-treatment group liraglutide (0.1 mg/kg, SC, BID) + PYY3-36 (1.0 mg/kg/day, osmotic pump), or vehicle (SC, BID) + NMU (1.5 mg/kg/day, osmotic pump). Hamsters included in the study were fed a HPFS diet with 0.5% cholesterol supplemented for 12 weeks before initiation of the study. Data are given as mean ± SEM with n = 8/group. Statistical analysis: two-way ANOVA with Bonferronis post hoc test; aP<0.05 for liraglutide vs. vehicle group, bP<0.05 for PYY3-36 vs. vehicle group, cP<0.05 for PYY3-36 + liraglutide vs. vehicle group, and dP<0.05 for NMU vs. vehicle group.
Table 4.
Effect of ezetimibe on blood lipids.