Figure 1.
The epidermal calcium distribution.
(a) Typical shape of the total profile found quantitatively using PIXE (for examples in the experimental literature, see [26, 28]). (b) Typical shape of the semi-quantitative intracellular ([Cai]) and extracellular ([Cae]) profiles measured using ion capture cytochemistry (for examples in the experimental literature, see [32–34]).
Figure 2.
Proposed conceptual model of epidermal calcium profile formation in unwounded skin.
The mathematical model presented in this paper simplifies the progressive barrier in the lower SC to a distinct barrier at the lower-upper SC boundary.
Table 1.
Model Parameters.
Figure 3.
Comparison of epidermal sublayer transit times predicted by our model with experimental literature values.
(a) Human literature values from [87–91]. (b) Murine literature values from [92–94]. *Model prediction in the SB was independent of the value of V2. **Value may include some residence time in the SB.
Figure 4.
Keratinocyte velocity profiles predicted by our model.
For (a) the human keratinocyte velocity profile, the modified V2 = 0.100±0.026 was used in its calculation. The solid and dashed lines represent the mean values and uncertainty bounds (± SD) respectively.
Figure 5.
Extracellular calcium rise through the SG vs TJ permeability to calcium predicted by our model.
The solid and dashed lines represent the mean values and uncertainty bounds (± SD) respectively.
Figure 6.
Physical intracellular ([Cai]) and extracellular ([Cae]) epidermal calcium profiles predicted by our model.
These profiles are calculated from experimental total calcium profiles reported in [26, 28]. [Cae] profiles are shown for TJ barriers that yield a calcium rise through the SG of Rce ≈ 1.5: (a) PCa = 8 nm s−1 for human epidermis and (b) PCa = 20 nm s−1 for murine epidermis.
Figure 7.
Keratinocyte calcium influx profiles g(z) in the epidermis predicted by our model.
These profiles are calculated from experimental total calcium profiles reported in [26, 28].