Fig 1.
Flow chart of participant recruitment during the randomized controlled trial of exercise and/or nutrition supplementation.
Table 1.
Selected variable characteristics of participants at baseline by study group.
Table 2.
Comparison of muscle mass, physical function, and blood component variables among groups after 3-month intervention and follow-up.
Table 3.
Effects of the intervention on each frailty criteria between baseline, post-intervention and follow-up.
Table 4.
Effects of the intervention on each muscle mass and physical function between baseline, post-intervention and follow-up.
Table 5.
Effects of the intervention on blood components between baseline, post-intervention and follow-up.
Fig 2.
Changes of frailty score between baseline, post-intervention and follow-up.
ANOVA = analysis of variance.
Fig 3.
Black bar signifies baseline to post-intervention and gray bar signifies baseline and follow-up. Ex = exercise; MFGM = milk fat globule membrane; P = placebo.
Table 6.
Adjusted Odds Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals for frailty at post-intervention and follow-up by intention to treat analysis.