Figure 1.
PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram [90].
A flow diagram depicting the process of selection of records used in the review for the three main groups of toxicants: Pesticides, metals and antifoulants. Data selection has, for pesticides and metals, been built on previous reviews and data compilations, given in the top right text-box, supplemented with database searched using ISI Web of Science. Search criteria and criteria for selecting eligible records are given in the Material and Methods section. For each toxicant the search resulted in two types of databases: One to determine the frequency of synergy in a randomly selected number of mixtures studies, and another focussing only on defined synergistic mixtures. It should be noted that many records contain data on several independent mixtures studies; hence the number of records given in the figure does not match the number of selected studies reported in the results section. References to tables in supporting material giving the raw data on specific chemical mixtures, test species, endpoint and timecourse of the experiment, and the record providing the information are given in the figure.
Figure 2.
Cummulated frequency of Model Deviation Ratios.
Cummulated frequency of Model Deviation Ratios. (MDR) of binary mixtures of pesticides (n = 195), metals (n = 20), and antifoulants (n = 103). The hatched interval where 0.5≤MDR≤2 defines the mixtures that deviates less than two-fold from a Concentration Addition predictions. Mixtures having MDR values<0.5 are termed antagonistic, while mixtures with MDR values>2 are synergistic.
Figure 3.
Frequency of pesticide antagony, additivity and synergy.
Figure 2A shows the number of times a pesticide belonging to the group of organophosphates, carbamates, azoles, triazines, pyrethroids or some other Mode of Action (other MoA) occur in a binary mixture resulting in antagony (blue bars), concentration additivity (CA) (red bars) or synergy (green bars). In figure B and C, the number of binary combinations of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE) (The organophosphates and carbamates), azoles (AZ), triazines (TZ) and other Modes of Action (Other) resulting in either antagony, concentration additivity or synergy are shown for mixtures tested on B) auto-tropic organisms (plants and algae, n = 120) or C) heterotrophic organisms (microorganisms and animals, n = 128).
Figure 4.
Frequency of antifoulant antagony, additivity and synergy.
Figure 3A shows the number of times each of the antifoulants occur in a binary mixture resulting in antagony (blue bars), concentration additivity (CA) (red bars) or synergy (green bars). Antifoulants occurring in less than 1% of the mixtures were excluded. In figure B and C, the number of binary combinations of photosystem II herbicides (PSII) metal ions or metal containing compounds (Metal) and other organic compounds (Other) resulting in either antagony, concentration additivity or synergy are shown for mixtures tested on B) auto-tropic organisms (plants and algae, n = 23) or C) heterotrophic organisms (microorganisms and animals, n = 80).
Table 1.
The overall group, name and proposed Modes of Action (MoA) of the antifouling compounds.
Figure 5.
Frequency of antifoulant interactions in ternary and quaternary mixtures.
The number of times each of the antifoulants occur in a ternary (n = 23) or quaternary (n = 10) mixture resulting in antagony (blue bars), concentration additivity (CA) (red bars) or synergy (green bars).