Figure 1.
Major trends in UPE developments in the last 50 years.
The historical development of this field can be subdivided in five main areas: (1) the initiation of research of UPE with photomultiplier tubes in USSR and its connection to radical oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, (2) the recognition of UPE world wide and globalization of this research, (3) the use of UPE as a non-invasive diagnostic marker, (4) the extension of time measurement into spatial patterns, and (5) the use of photon count distributions (PCD) and statistics (PCS) (based on fluctuations in the number of photons in successive counting in contiguous measurement times) for detecting a ‘light language’ that is connected with the system’s organization of the living biological state.
Table 1.
SIGN 50 Checklist for RCT Study Design.
Table 2.
Descriptive data for randomized controlled trials that have an intervention.
Table 3.
Descriptive data for clinical trials that have an intervention.
Table 4.
Descriptive data for clinical trials that have no intervention.
Figure 2.
There were a total of 1315 records identified through the literature search, out of which 1113 were screened based on abstracts after removal of duplicates. The first level of screening based on abstracts resulted in exclusion of 1048 records (descriptive reviews, editorials, theories, books, book sections, non-human studies, and grey literature that didn’t fit our inclusion criteria), and the second level of screening based on full-text resulted in exclusion of 9 more additional records. Therefore, a total of 56 studies (1 randomized controlled clinical trial, 27 controlled clinical trials, and 28 observational/descriptive studies) were included in this review.