Figure 1.
Illustration of top and bottom regions (inside dashed rectangles) used for calculating the eye-scanning measures.
Figure 2.
Steering angle versus time of two selected participants in session 4.
One selected participant had very active steering, whereas the other had very smooth steering. The steering angle was filtered with a cutoff frequency of 2 Hz. Positive = steering to left, negative = steering to right. The dotted vertical lines indicate when the participant passed one of the nine static obstacles.
Figure 3.
Lateral position versus time of two selected participants in session 4.
One selected participant had very active steering, whereas the other had very smooth steering. Positive = lateral position to left with respect to right-lane center, negative = lateral position to right with respect to right-lane center. The dotted vertical lines indicate when the participant passed one of the nine static obstacles.
Figure 4.
Median of percentage of time that gaze was directed at the top and bottom regions of the screen, per session (L = letter task, O = obstacle avoidance task).
Figure 5.
Distance between gaze and focus of expansion (FOE; static point on the screen) versus time, for one typical participant during session 2 (from the control group).
The line is red when driving on a curved road segment; the line is blue when driving on a straight road segment. Distances from the projected letters to the FOE are indicated by horizontal black lines. Distances from the FOE to the rear-view mirror, speedometer, and side mirrors are 450 mm, 300 mm, and 600 mm, respectively.
Figure 6.
Mean self-reported workload per session (L = letter task, O = obstacle avoidance task).
Figure 7.
Mean number of letter misses for each projected letter position (red = patients, black = control participants); the radius of the circle linearly corresponds to the mean number of letter misses.
Patients’ mean number of missed letters ranged between 0% (on the road) and 78% (rear-view mirror).
Figure 8.
Mean letter reaction time for each projected letter position (red = patients, black = control participants); the radius of the circle linearly corresponds to the mean reaction time.
Patients’ mean reaction times ranged between 0.98 (on the road) and 2.48 s (rear-view mirror).