Figure 1.
Illustrations of study areas in Skagerrak.
(A) Illustration of Skagerrak, depicting samples for microsatellite DNA markers (black circles) and telemetry study site (white star). Sites with asterisk (*) indicate lobster reserves monitored during scientific fishing programme. White arrows represent large-scale water movement in Skagerrak, redrawn from [22]. (B) Map of Kvernskjær lobster reserve, delineating border of lobster reserve (white dotted line), VR2W receiver array (white stars), and release sites of lobsters fitted with acoustic transmitters (black circles). (C) Map of Bolærne lobster reserve. (D) Map of Flødevigen lobster reserve, where black star indicates the Flødevigen research station. Every change in grey in bathymetric maps represents a 10 m isobath (except the lightest, which includes the depth range of 1 m-0 m).
Figure 2.
Survival and residency, spillover, and gene flow of lobsters in Skagerrak.
(A) Survival and residency of 30 lobsters within a MPA over one year. Crosses indicate censored individuals, where the depth sensor has emitted nonsensical depth readings and the individual is out of the study. (B) Movement distances by lobsters tagged within reserves and recovered by recreational and commercial fishers outside reserves (grey bars), and recaptured by the authors within the reserves during the annual research trapping (black bars). The bars are stacked and movement distances are classified into increments of 100 m. *Note that four lobsters were recovered by fishers beyond 8200 m (11.5, 15, 15, and 21 km away from reserve centres). (C) Regression between pairwise FST and geographic distance between samples.