Figure 1.
Figure 1a. Location of study area within the Russian Federation. Figure 1b. Site locations mentioned in the text. Numbers 1–8 are in the Angara River/South Baikal region, and numbers 9–17 are in Priol’khon’e: 1. Shamanka II, 2. Lokomotiv, 3. Kitoi, 4. Ust’-Khaita, 5. Ust’-Belaia, 6. Pad Lenkovka, 7. Pad Kalashnikova, 8. Ust’-Ida, 9. Bugul’deika II, 10. Khotoruk, 11. Ulan-Khada, 12. Uliarba II, 13. Sarminskii Mys, 14. Khuzhir-Nuge XIV, 15. Kurma XI, 16. Shamanskii Mys, 17. Todakta I.
Table 1.
Simplified Holocene culture history model for Cis-Baikal.
Table 2.
Context information and radiocarbon dating data for Angara/South Baikal canid remains.
Table 3.
Context information and radiocarbon dating data for Priol’khon’e canid remains.
Table 4.
Metric data for Cis-Baikal canids. VDD measurements follow [73], MY measurements are from [74]. Long bone measurements are greatest length, following [73].
Table 5.
Comparison of cranial lengths of Cis-Baikal canids with modern and ancient canids.
Table 6.
Comparison of teeth size of the Ust’-Khaita canid with select canid populations. All measurements in mm.
Table 7.
Comparison of Cis-Baikal canid long bone lengths with those of modern and ancient wolves, and large northern dogs. Shoulder heights are estimates based on regression equations on long bone lengths [32].
Figure 2.
The cranium of the Ust’-Khaita canid with the location of the partially healed puncture to the cranium indicated.
Figure 3.
Minimum spanning network of haplotypes in dog clade I.
Previously published sequences are in white and the ancient Baikal dogs presented here are in the shaded ovals. The American clade has been collapsed and is represented by the oval labeled “American clade”. Each link represents a single mutation, and bars across them additional mutations. The black circle represents a hypothetical haplotype. Not all alternative links are shown.
Figure 4.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of recent and ancient dogs and wolves (prefix lu), rooted with coyotes (prefix la).
The dogs form the previously identified four clades (labeled dog clades I–IV) within the diversity of wolves. Specimen 2010-19 is Ust’-Belaia dog 2 in the text, 2010-021 is Ust’-Belaia dog 3, 2010-023 Pad’ Kalashnikova dog 1, 1997.282 Khotoruk, and 2010-001 Ulan-Khada.
Figure 5.
Pad’ Kalashnikova dog from pit #2 under excavation.
Stone and bone implements are present near and under the cranium, and a round pebble is visible within the mouth.
Figure 6.
Pad’ Kalasnikova dog from pit #1.
This dog was buried in a crouched or sitting position.
Figure 7.
Illustration of dog burial #1 at Ust’-Belaia.
The dog was interred wearing a necklace of four red deer canine teeth pendants and placed beside its body were various faunal remains. Redrawn from [67].
Figure 8.
Illustration of grave #3 (1972) at Shamanksii Mys.
Figure shows the skeleton of one dog placed above and to the right of the human burial, and a second dog skeleton present to the left of the human body. Note that the sewn birch bark sheet separating the human remains and the dog skeletons is not visible in this illustration, but several of the birch poles that were below this sheet are depicted on the chest of the underlying human burial. Redrawn from [44].
Figure 9.
Remains of a secondary dog burial within the upper portion of a human grave at Uliarba II.
Figure 10.
The Todakta I dog interment under excavation [72].
Just below the dog were the cranium, mandible and lower leg bones of a calf. These calf remains may have been left attached to the hide and used to wrap the dog, which appears to have been a sacrificed animal.
Figure 11.
Plot of δ13C and δ15N values for select Cis-Baikal mammals and fish.
Green squares represent archaeological ungulates; green hexagons are modern Eurasian ground squirrel and hare; white circles are modern Angara fish; blue triangles are modern fish from the open Baikal coast; blue squares modern fish from the Little Sea of Lake Baikal; white triangles modern Lena River fish; pink triangles archaeological Baikal seals. Modern samples are adjusted by 1.0‰ on the carbon scale to compensate for the industrial isotope effect.
Figure 12.
Plot of δ13C and δ15N values for humans and a dog buried at the Shamanka II cemetery.
Figure 13.
Plot of δ13C and δ15N values for humans and canids from the Angara River area.
Linear regression for human values (y = 0.929x +28.692, R2 = 0.846; N = 119) and canid values (y = 0.399x +17.958, R2 = 0.864; N = 8) indicated.
Figure 14.
Plot of δ13C and δ15N values for humans and dogs from the Priol’khon’e area.
Table 8.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values for Angara River/South Baikal area canids analyzed in this study.
Table 9.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values for Priol’kon’e canids analyzed in this study.