Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of included independent and dependent variables.
Table 2.
Baseline smoking and anxiety scores and correlations.
Table 3.
Frequency of smoking reported at different age categories.
Figure 1.
Structural model of associations between active smoking and anxiety scores in adolescence (age 14–15) and early adulthood (age 18–19).
Caption: Adolescent active smoking at age 14–15 years in the total sample and for girls only was associated with increased anxiety symptoms scores at age 18–19 years (β coefficients displayed for total sample first, then for girls only). * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. The model is adjusted for maternal educational level. Only significant paths are shown. All paths were estimated in the model (df = 0). Model fit perfect (χ 2 = 0.00, RMSEA = 0.000, TLI and CFI = 1.00). The path from Adolescent active smoking to early adult active smoking is a probit regression coefficient. When translated into probabilities, the results show that at a mean level of maternal education and adolescent anxiety, active smoking during adolescence has 65% risk of being active smokers in early adulthood, while non-active smokers during adolescence has a 36% risk of active-smoking in early adulthood.
Figure 2.
Association between childhood emotionality at 18 months and early adult anxiety scores (18–19 years) by adolescent smoking status.
Caption: Adolescent active smokers who demonstrated higher emotionality scores during infancy (18months) displayed significantly elevated anxiety in early adulthood that was not present for non-adolescent active smokers.
Figure 3.
Association between childhood internalizing behavior scores at 18 months and early adult anxiety scores (18–19 years) by adolescent smoking status.
Caption: Adolescent active smokers who demonstrated higher internalizing behaviors during infancy (18months) displayed significantly elevated anxiety in early adulthood that was not present for non-adolescent active smokers.
Figure 4.
Association between childhood shyness at 18 months and early adult anxiety scores (18–19 years) by adolescent smoking status.
Caption: No relationship, both for adolescent active smokers and non-active smokers, was discovered between reported infant shyness at 18 months and early adult anxiety scores.