Figure 1.
Legend: DLCO = Lung diffusion for carbon monoxide; CPET = Cardiopulmonary exercise test; HR = Heart rate.
Table 1.
Main anthropometric and functional parameters at rest and peak exercise.
Figure 2.
Changes of the main functional parameters at rest (panel A) and with exercise (panel B) after saline infusion with respect to baseline conditions.
Legend: FVC = Forced vital capacity; FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; DLCO = Lung diffusion for carbon monoxide; DM = Membrane diffusion; VCap = Capillary volume; VA = Alveolar volume; HR = Heart rate; VO2peak = Oxygen uptake at peak exercise; VE/VCO2slope = slope of the linear regression analysis of VE plotted vs. VCO2 from the beginning of loaded pedaling to the end of the isocapnic buffering period. Statistical differences were examined by paired Student's t-test. Symbols denote statistical significance (** = p<0.01; *** = p<0.001).
Figure 3.
Changes in the main functional parameters at rest (panel A) and with exercise (panel B) after Carvedilol (empty figures) and Bisoprolol (full figures) with respect to baseline conditions.
Statistical differences were examined by unpaired Student's t-test. Legend as in figure 2. Symbols denote statistical significance (* = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01; *** = p<0.001).
Figure 4.
Changes in the main functional parameters at rest (panel A) and with exercise (panel B) after saline infusion under Carvedilol (empty figures) and Bisoprolol (full figures) conditions with respect to baseline conditions.
Statistical differences were examined by unpaired Student's t-test. Legend as in figure 2. Symbols denote statistical significance (* = p<0.05; ** = <0.01;*** = p<0.001).
Figure 5.
Mean changes in VE/VCO2 slope vs. DM caused by saline infusion alone (diamond), Bisoprolol (empty triangle), Carvedilol (empty square) and saline infusion with Bisoprolol (full triangle) and Carvedilol (full square).