Figure 1.
Examples of the Noh mask images in Experiment 1.
(A) shows the frontal image of the Koomote mask presented at the beginning phase for all the four conditions. Participants changed facial parts of this image to create expressions according to the instructions given in each condition. (B) and (C) show the examples of faces that participants created in the happy and sad conditions, respectively. (D) and (E) show the upward tilted and downward tilted Koomote masks presented simultaneously with the frontal image in these conditions. (F) and (G) show the examples of faces that participants created by imitating (D) and (E), respectively.
Table 1.
Results of Experiment 1.
Figure 2.
A schematic illustration summarizing the main results of Experiment 1.
Depicted are the emotions represented differentially by each facial part of the upward tilted and downward tilted Noh masks.
Figure 3.
The eight synthesized facial patterns of the Noh mask used in Experiment 2.
Figure 4.
Diagram depicting examples of trials in the test session of Experiment 2.
The letters on the first and third displays indicate “Trial 1” and “Trial 2”, respectively.
Figure 5.
Proportion of the “happy” evaluation for each synthesized facial pattern in Experiment 2.
The dashed horizontal line indicates the chance proportion of the “happy” responses (i.e., 50%). Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the chance level (***: p<0.001).
Table 2.
Description of the eight facial patterns of the synthesized Noh mask images used in Experiment 2.
Figure 6.
Numbers of participants for each proportion of “happy” evaluation in Experiment 2, shown for each synthesized facial pattern.
“100%” in this graph means that the facial pattern was evaluated as “happy” for all the four repeated presentations, whereas “0%” means that the pattern was evaluated as “sad” for all the four repetitions.