Table 1.
Measures of within-landrace genetic diversity in seven tetraploid wheat accessions.
Table 2.
Genetic diversities in a priori defined populations of tetraploid wheats.
Figure 1.
Neighbour-joining tree between a priori defined tetraploid wheat populations.
The tree was constructed from DC genetic distances using wild emmer to root the tree and 100 bootstrap replicates.
Table 3.
Genetic distances between a priori defined populations of tetraploid wheats.
Figure 2.
Clustering of 244 wheat accessions based on multilocus genotype analysis using STRUCTURE.
Each accession is depicted by a vertical line segmented into K coloured sections. The length of each section is proportional to the estimated membership coefficient (Q) of the individual accession to each one of the K clusters. The black vertical lines are separators between the different forms of wheat (BW: bread wheat; WEm: wild emmer; Em: emmer; Rivet and Durum). The upper panel depicts a model with two clusters (K = 2) and the lower panel a model with six clusters (K = 6). The black labels in the latter indicate the groups identified.
Figure 3.
Geographical distribution of tetraploid wheat clusters.
Cluster membership was determined using STRUCTURE assuming six clusters (K = 6). Each accession is depicted as a pie chart with the proportional membership of its alleles to each one of the six groups: group Ia (dark green), group Ib (yellow), group IIa (light green), group IIb (red), group IIc (light blue) and group IId (dark blue).
Table 4.
Genetic diversities in STRUCTURE-defined clusters of tetraploid wheats defined under the K = 6 model.
Figure 4.
Gene pool frequency clines based on proportional membership of accessions to the six STRUCTURE clusters.
Figure 5.
Principle component plots of individual accessions characterised by 29 nuSSRs.
In the upper panel, samples were coloured according to form (black: wild emmer; dark green: bread wheat; light green: emmer; dark red: rivet; red: durum). In the lower panel, samples were coloured according to membership to one of the six groups defined by STRUCTURE under the K = 6 model.
Figure 6.
Chloroplast haplotype (CpHt) frequencies in wild emmer, emmer, rivet and durum.
Figure 7.
Geographical distribution of the four main chloroplast haplotypes in domesticated tetraploid wheats.
cp-haplotype 1 (yellow dots), 2 (blue), 13 (red) and 14 (green).
Table 5.
Correlations between geographic, environmental and genetic distances for 53 Iberian durum wheat accessions.
Table 6.
Correlation between genetic distances and environmental parameters between landrace localities.