Figure 1.
Study design showing the relationship between human leukocyte antigen genes, islet autoantibodies, C-peptide and diabetic retinopathy.
Figure 2.
Flow diagram of study participants.
Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitusa and reference panel of matched controlsb by HLA genotype.
Table 2.
Characteristics of participants at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitusa by islet autoantibody status.
Table 3.
Characteristics of participants 15 years after the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitusa by HLA genotype.
Table 4.
Characteristics of participants 15 years after the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitusa by islet autoantibody status.
Table 5.
Grade of retinopathy by eye from 235 participants with fundus photos.
Table 6.
Results of relative risk regression analyses for diabetic retinopathy, primary analysis.
Table 7.
Results of relative risk regression analyses for diabetic retinopathy, secondary analyses.