Feline calicivirus- and murine norovirus-induced COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects
Fig 1
Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection induces COX-2 mRNA and protein expression leading to the production of PGE2.
(A and B) The mRNA expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2 genes (A), and viral RNA level (B) in CRFK cells infected with or without FCV (MOI, 1 FFU/cell) at the indicated time points were determined by quantitative real time PCR. For COX-1 and COX-2, mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin mRNA and are illustrated as a fold induction against that of the mock-infected cells. (C) Monolayers of CRFK cells were infected with or without FCV (MOI, 1 TCID50/ml) for the indicated time points, and the levels of the COX-1, COX-2, and GAPDH proteins were analyzed by Western blot analysis. GAPDH was used as a loading control. The intensity of each target protein relative to GAPDH was determined by densitometric analysis and is indicated above each lane. (D) PGE2 levels in supernatants harvested from cells infected with or without FCV (MOI, 1 FFU/cell) at the indicated time points were analyzed by ELISA. The levels of PGE2 in supernatants were compared between mock-and FCV-infected groups. All data shown were from three independent experiments and are presented as means and standard errors of mean. Statistical differences were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001.