Use of a rapid digital microfluidics-powered immunoassay for assessing measles and rubella infection and immunity in outbreak settings in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Alaine K. Knipes ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Alaine K. Knipes, Aimee Summers

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: aknipes@cdc.gov

  Current address: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  Affiliation Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-0771

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• Aimee Summers ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Alaine K. Knipes, Aimee Summers

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Current address: Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  Affiliation Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

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• Alexandros A. Sklavounos,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Julian Lamanna,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Richard P. S. de Campos,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

  ⨯
• Tanya Narahari,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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• Christopher Dixon,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-242X

  ⨯
• Ryan Fobel,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sci-Bots Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Yassa D. Ndjakani,

  Roles Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Leopold Lubula,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Alain Magazani,

  Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Jean Jacques Muyembe,

  Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute National de Recherche Biomedicale, Ministry of Health, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Yvonne Lay,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute National de Recherche Biomedicale, Ministry of Health, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Elizabeth Pukuta,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute National de Recherche Biomedicale, Ministry of Health, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Diane Waku-Kouomou,

  Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  ⨯
• Lijuan Hao,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  ⨯
• Jolie Kasongo Kayembe,

  Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Programme Elargi de Vaccination, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo

  ⨯
• Christian Fobel,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sci-Bots Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Joshua Dahmer,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-6022

  ⨯
• Adam Lee,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Man Ho,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Jose Gilberto Camacho Valenzuela,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Darius G. Rackus,

  Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-9510

  ⨯
• Roger Shih,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Brendon Seale,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7519-3156

  ⨯
• Ann Chang,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  ⨯
• Gilson Paluku,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Routine Immunization and New Vaccine Introduction, World Health Organization, Libreville, Gabon

  ⨯
• Paul A. Rota,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

  ⨯
• Aaron R. Wheeler,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-7475

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•  [ ... ],
• Heather M. Scobie

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

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