Early Detection of Epidemic GII-4 Norovirus Strains in UK and Malawi: Role of Surveillance of Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis in Anticipating Global Epidemics

• David J. Allen ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: David J. Allen, Eamonn Trainor

  Affiliations Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Eamonn Trainor ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: David J. Allen, Eamonn Trainor

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Anna Callaghan,

  Affiliations Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

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• Sarah J. O’Brien,

  Affiliations Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Nigel A. Cunliffe,

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Miren Iturriza-Gómara

  * E-mail: M.Iturriza-Gomara@liverpool.ac.uk

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

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