Alcohol increases testosterone in women. I suggest this is the cause of the findings of Kaminen-Ahola, et al. Additionally, I suggest that the timing of increased testosterone increases during pregnancy and increased testosterone which is characteristic of black women compared to white women produces the differences in negative pregnancy outcomes.

It is my hypothesis that mammals evolved because of selection for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). (Hormones in Mammalian Evolution, Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum 2001; 94: 177-184 ) This is based on my hypothesis that evolution selected DHEA because it optimizes replication and transcription of DNA. DHEA affects expression of genes. Therefore DHEA levels affect all tissues and the life span. A case may be made that optimal amounts of DHEA are necessary for conception. Since a mother produces DHEA for herself and her fetus, she must have an optimal level of DHEA for conception and maintenance of a fetus until near birth when fetal production of DHEA combines with the mothers DHEA to signal and initiate birth. Selection pressure within Mammalia for testosterone produced primates and, with exaggeration, humans. I think testosterone increases cellular absorption of DHEA by increasing androgen receptors through which DHEA enters cells. The selection is basically selection for additional cellular DHEA because of testosterone. (If you, et al., desire more detail of this: DHEA, Estradiol, Testosterone, and the Relevance of Their Ratio The Androgen Receptor and the Secular Trend, at: http://anthropogeny.com/A... .)

Alterations in testosterone and DHEA and the ratio of these two androgens is the basis of the syndrome of multiple diseases and disorders that are increasing together in the population as the percentage of women of higher testosterone increase within the population.