https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-6649
About the Authors
- Alison McAfee
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Contributed equally to this work with: Alison McAfee, Bradley N. Metz
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft
* E-mail: alison.n.mcafee@gmail.com (AM); foster@msl.ubc.ca (LJF)
Affiliations Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Bradley N. Metz
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Contributed equally to this work with: Alison McAfee, Bradley N. Metz
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Patrick Connor
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Roles Investigation
Affiliation Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Keana Du
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Roles Investigation
Affiliation Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Christopher W. Allen
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Luis A. Frausto
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Roles Investigation
Affiliations Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America, Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Mark P. Swenson
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Roles Investigation
Affiliations Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America, Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Kylah S. Phillips
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Roles Investigation
Affiliations Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Madison Julien
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Roles Investigation
Affiliation Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Zoe Rempel
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Roles Resources
Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Robert W. Currie
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Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Boris Baer
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Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ BB, DRT and LJF also contributed equally to this work.
Affiliation Center for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- David R. Tarpy
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Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ BB, DRT and LJF also contributed equally to this work.
Affiliation Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Leonard J. Foster
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Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: alison.n.mcafee@gmail.com (AM); foster@msl.ubc.ca (LJF)
¶‡ BB, DRT and LJF also contributed equally to this work.
Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.