About the Authors

Terunobu Iwai

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Ryosuke Ikeguchi

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

ikeguchir@me.com

Affiliations Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Tomoki Aoyama

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Takashi Noguchi

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Koichi Yoshimoto

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Daichi Sakamoto

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Kazuaki Fujita

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Yudai Miyazaki

Roles Data curation, Methodology

Affiliation Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., Tokyo, Japan

Shizuka Akieda

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., Tokyo, Japan

Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, IMSUT CORD, Research Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Fumitaka Nagamura

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Division of Advanced Medicine Promotion, The Advanced Clinical Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Koichi Nakayama

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan

Shuichi Matsuda

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Competing Interests

There are no patents or marketed products to declare. KN is the co-founder and shareholder of Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., Tokyo, Japan (Cyfuse). YM and SA, who are employees of Cyfuse, contributed to the manufacturing of 3D conduits and Cyfuse provided the bioprinter to manufacture the conduit. The company has the industrial rights related to the bioprinting method used to construct the 3D conduit in this work. Cyfuse provided support in the form of salaries for authors YM, SA and KN and provided research grants to TA, KN and SM. These competing interests do not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.