About the Authors

Grace A. Noppert

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gnoppert@umich.edu

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Kate A. Duchowny

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Rebecca Stebbins

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Allison E. Aiello

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jennifer B. Dowd

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Philippa Clarke

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Competing Interests

This study was partially funded by multiple sources including the U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging R00AG062749 (GN), R01AG075719 (AA and GN), and K99AG066846-02 (KAD). Further, JBD acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust (Centre Grant). The funders have had no role in the design or conceptualization of the study, nor in the interpretation of the results. This study is not associated with any patents, products in development or marketed products. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.