About the Authors

César Caraballo

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Shiwani Mahajan

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jianlei Gu

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Big Data in Pediatric Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China

Yuan Lu

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Erica S. Spatz

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Rachel P. Dreyer

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America

MaoZhen Zhang

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations iKang Healthcare Group, Inc., Shanghai, China, Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

NingLing Sun

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Hypertension at Heart Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

Yihong Ren

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

Xin Zheng

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

Hongyu Zhao

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Hui Lu

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Center for Biomedical Informatics, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

Zheng J. Ma

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Beijing Li-Heng Medical Technologies, Ltd, Beijing, China

Harlan M. Krumholz

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

harlan.krumholz@yale.edu

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

Yuan Lu is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K12HL138037) and the Yale Center for Implementation Science. She was a recipient of a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion. Erica S. Spatz receives support from the Food and Drug Administration to support projects within the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI); the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (U54MD010711-01) to study precision-based approaches to diagnosing and preventing hypertension; and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB028106-01) to study a cuff-less blood pressure device. Xin Zheng is supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science (2016-I2M-1-006), the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFE0103800) from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Hui Lu is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0910500) and Neil Shen’s SJTU Medical Research Fund. Zheng J. Ma is affiliated with Beijing Li-Heng Medical Technologies, Ltd, which designed the ICG device used in this study. Harlan Krumholz works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to support quality measurement programs; was a recipient of a research grant, through Yale, from Medtronic and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to develop methods for post-market surveillance of medical devices; was a recipient of a research grant with Medtronic and is the recipient of a research grant from Johnson & Johnson, through Yale University, to support clinical trial data sharing; was a recipient of a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; receives payment from the Arnold & Porter Law Firm for work related to the Sanofi clopidogrel litigation, from the Ben C. Martin Law Firm for work related to the Cook IVC filter litigation, and from the Siegfried and Jensen Law Firm for work related to Vioxx litigation; chairs a Cardiac Scientific Advisory Board for UnitedHealth; was a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science, the Advisory Board for Facebook, and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the founder of HugoHealth, a personal health information platform, and co-founder of Refactor Health, an enterprise healthcare AI-augmented data management company. The other co-authors report no potential competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.