About the Authors

Lucia Melloni

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

lucia.melloni@ae.mpg.de

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Neural Circuits, Consciousness and Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Liad Mudrik

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliations School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Michael Pitts

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Psychology Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Katarina Bendtz

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Oscar Ferrante

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Urszula Gorska

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Rony Hirschhorn

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Aya Khalaf

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Csaba Kozma

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Alex Lepauvre

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Neural Circuits, Consciousness and Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Ling Liu

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Peking, China, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Science at Peking University, Peking, China

David Mazumder

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David Richter

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Hao Zhou

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U992, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Hal Blumenfeld

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Melanie Boly

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

David J. Chalmers

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America

Sasha Devore

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Francis Fallon

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Philosophy Department, St. John’s University, New York, New York, United States of America

Floris P. de Lange

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Ole Jensen

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Gabriel Kreiman

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Huan Luo

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Peking, China, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Science at Peking University, Peking, China

Theofanis I. Panagiotaropoulos

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U992, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Stanislas Dehaene

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U992, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Collège de France, Paris, France

Christof Koch

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Giulio Tononi

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ LM, LM and MP share co-first authors on this work. SD, CK and GT are co-senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.