About the Authors

Aleksandra J. Borek

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Aleksandra.borek@phc.ox.ac.uk

‡ AJB and CP authors contributed equally to this work are joint first authors.

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Caitlin Pilbeam

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

‡ AJB and CP authors contributed equally to this work are joint first authors.

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Hayley Mableson

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Marta Wanat

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Paul Atkinson

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Sally Sheard

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Anne-Marie Martindale

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Tom Solomon

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Neurology, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Christopher C. Butler

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nina Gobat

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sarah Tonkin-Crine

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

AJB, CP, HM, MW, PA, AMM, CCB, NG and STC declare no competing interests. SS is a member of the Liverpool Health Protection Board and the Silver Command for Liverpool COVID-19 management. TS was Chair/Co-Chair of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation / National Institute for Health Research COVID-19 Rapid Response and Rolling Funding Initiatives, was an Advisor to the UK COVID- 19 Therapeutics Advisory Panel and is a member of the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency COVID-19 Vaccines Benefit Risk Expert Working Group. TS holds shares in Medefer Limited.