About the Authors

Arjuna S. Maharaj

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

a.maharaj@mail.utoronto.ca

Affiliation Doctor of Medicine Program, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jennifer Parker

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Doctor of Medicine Program, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jessica P. Hopkins

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Effie Gournis

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Isaac I. Bogoch

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

Benjamin Rader

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America

Christina M. Astley

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Division of Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Noah M. Ivers

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Women’s College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jared B. Hawkins

Roles Data curation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America

Liza Lee

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Ashleigh R. Tuite

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

David N. Fisman

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

John S. Brownstein

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Lauren Lapointe-Shaw

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: IIB has consulted to BlueDot, a social benefit corporation that tracks the spread of emerging infectious diseases. DNF reports personal consultant fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Seqirus, outside the submitted work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials