About the Authors

Antoine Yrondi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

antoineyrondi@gmail.com

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de l’adulte (Department of Psychiatry and Adult Medical Psychology), Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental (FondaMental Advanced Centre of Expertise in Resistant Depression, CHU de Toulouse (University Hospital Centre), Hôpital Purpan, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Université de Toulouse (Toulouse University), INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France

Christophe Arbus

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de l’adulte (Department of Psychiatry and Adult Medical Psychology), Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental (FondaMental Advanced Centre of Expertise in Resistant Depression, CHU de Toulouse (University Hospital Centre), Hôpital Purpan, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Université de Toulouse (Toulouse University), INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France

Djamila Bennabi

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France

Thierry D’Amato

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Psychiatric Disorders: From Resistance to Response ΨR2 Team; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier (Hospital Centre); Bron, France

Frank Bellivier

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis—Lariboisière—Fernand Widal, Pôle Neurosciences Tête et Cou (Head and Neck Neurosciences Cluster), University Paris Diderot, Paris, France

Thierry Bougerol

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (Institute of Neurosciences), Grenoble, France

Vincent Camus

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, U1253, iBrain, CIC1415, Inserm, CHRU de Tours (Regional University Hospital Centre), Université de Tours, Tours, France

Philippe Courtet

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France

Olivier Doumy

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire (General and University Psychiatry Cluster), Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée (Integrated Nutrition and Neurobiology Laboratory) (UMR INRAE 1286), Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France

Jean-Baptiste Genty

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique (Team 15 Genetic Psychiatry), Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie (Psychiatry Cluster), Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Cooperation Scientifique (Scientific Cooperation Foundation), Créteil, France

Jérôme Holtzmann

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (Institute of Neurosciences), Grenoble, France

Mathilde Horn

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service de Psychiatrie adulte (Department of Adult Psychiatry), Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Fontan 1, Lille, France

Christophe Lancon

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Pôle Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France

Marion Leboyer

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique (Team 15 Genetic Psychiatry), Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie (Psychiatry Cluster), Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Cooperation Scientifique (Scientific Cooperation Foundation), Créteil, France

Pierre-Michel Llorca

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Julia Maruani

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis—Lariboisière—Fernand Widal, Pôle Neurosciences Tête et Cou (Head and Neck Neurosciences Cluster), University Paris Diderot, Paris, France

Rémi Moirand

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre; Psychiatric Disorders: From Resistance to Response ΨR2 Team; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier (Hospital Centre); Bron, France

Fanny Molière

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France

Jean Petrucci

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique (Team 15 Genetic Psychiatry), Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie (Psychiatry Cluster), Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Cooperation Scientifique (Scientific Cooperation Foundation), Créteil, France

Raphaelle Richieri

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Pôle Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France

Ludovic Samalin

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Florian Stephan

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Générale et de Réhabilitation Psycho Sociale 29G01 et 29G02 (University Hospital Department of General Psychiatry and Psychosocial Rehabilitation), Centre Expert Depression Résistante FondaMental, CHRU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Brest, France

Guillaume Vaiva

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Centre National de Ressources et Résilience pour les psychotraumatisme (National Resilience and Resources Centre for Psychological Trauma), Lille, France

Michel Walter

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Générale et de Réhabilitation Psycho Sociale 29G01 et 29G02 (University Hospital Department of General Psychiatry and Psychosocial Rehabilitation), Centre Expert Depression Résistante FondaMental, CHRU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Brest, France

FondaMental Advanced Centres of Expertise in Resistant Depression (FACE-DR) Collaborators

Membership of, FondaMental Advanced Centres of Expertise in Resistant Depression (FACE-DR) is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Emmanuel Haffen

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France

Bruno Aouizerate

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

‡ These authors co-last authors on this work.

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire (General and University Psychiatry Cluster), Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée (Integrated Nutrition and Neurobiology Laboratory) (UMR INRAE 1286), Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France

Wissam El-Hage

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft

‡ These authors co-last authors on this work.

Affiliations Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France, U1253, iBrain, CIC1415, Inserm, CHRU de Tours (Regional University Hospital Centre), Université de Tours, Tours, France

Competing Interests

Antoine Yrondi received speaker’s honoraria (AstraZeneca, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier), and carried out clinical studies in relation to the development of a medicine (Janssen, Lundbeck) unrelated to this work. Christophe Arbus received honoraria (Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka) and carried out clinical studies in relation to the development of a medicine (Janssen). Olivier Doumy received honoraria from Lilly, Astra-Zeneca, Janssen, Servier and Lundbeck. Jean Baptiste Genty received speaker’s honoraria from Servier. Pierre Michel Llorca received grants, honoraria, and consulting fees from Allergan, Gedeon Richter, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Recordati, Sanofi-Aventis and Teva. Raphael Rachieri received speaker’s honoraria from Janssen Cilag. Ludovic Samalin received grants, honoraria, and consulting fees from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, and Otsuka. Florian Stephan received honoraria from Otsuka. Guillaume Vaiva received speaker’s honoraria from Otsula/Lundbeck (Annual participation at the reception day for new professors of psychiatry). Emmanuel Haffen: acted in an advisory capacity, carried out clinical studies in relation to the development of a medicine, received personal research, study or travel allowances, gave presentations at meetings, and received remuneration for input from the following pharmaceutical organisations: AstraZeneca, BMS, Cellgene, Euthérapie - Servier, Janssen, Elli Lilly, Lundbeck, LivaNova, Otsuka, Pfizer and Sanofi. He also held a managerial position at the FondaMental Foundation (Créteil) and the French Association of Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology. Wissam El-Hage has received speaker’s honoraria from Chugai, Eisai, Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag, Otsuka, and UCB unrelated to this work. Bruno Aouizerate received speaker’s honoraria and a travel allowance from Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag, and Eli Lilly. He has served on the advisory board of Janssen-Cilag. Our compeing interest does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.