About the Authors

Akihiro Moriyoshi

Contributed equally to this work with: Akihiro Moriyoshi, Eiji Shibata

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis

moriyosi@eng.hokudai.ac.jp

Affiliation Emeritus Professor Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Eiji Shibata

Contributed equally to this work with: Akihiro Moriyoshi, Eiji Shibata

Roles Supervision

Affiliation Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan

Masahito Natsuhara

Roles Formal analysis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Shimadzu Corporation, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Kiyoshi Sakai

Roles Formal analysis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan

Takashi Kondo

Roles Formal analysis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan

Akihiko Kasahara

Roles Formal analysis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Green Consultant Co. Ltd., Eniwa, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Author NM is the technician of CT in Shimadzu Corporation. He contributed the measurement using micro focus CT scanner for specimen of concrete. Author AK had many empirical works in the field works in NIPPO Corporation for asphalt pavements and concrete structures for long years. He contributed the technical discussions for concrete structures. NM and AK have declared that this project does not violate the conflict of interest. MN is a paid employee of Shimadzu Corporation and Dr. AK is a paid employee of Green Consultant Co. Ltd. They have no stocks or shares in both companies and they do not gain or lose financially through publication; consultation fees or other forms of remuneration from organizations that may gain or lose financially; patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by publication. There are no patents, products in development or marketing products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.