About the Authors

Daphne C. Wu

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Prabhat Jha

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Prabhat.jha@utoronto.ca

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Teresa Lam

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada

Patrick Brown

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Hellen Gelband

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Nico Nagelkerke

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

H. Chaim Birnboim

Roles Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Global Health Research, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, deltaDNA Biosciences, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Angus Reid

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada

on behalf of the Action to Beat Coronavirus in Canada/Action pour Battre le Coronavirus (Ab-C) Study Group

Membership of the Action to Beat Coronavirus in Canada/Action pour Battre le Coronavirus (Ab-C) Study Group is listed in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors of this manuscript have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: HCB is a paid employee of deltaDNA Biosciences, Inc., but the company did not fund the study. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.