About the Authors

Steve Goodacre

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

s.goodacre@sheffield.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Ben Thomas

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Ellen Lee

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Laura Sutton

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Amanda Loban

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Simon Waterhouse

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Richard Simmonds

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Katie Biggs

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Carl Marincowitz

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Jose Schutter

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Sarah Connelly

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Elena Sheldon

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Jamie Hall

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Emma Young

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Andrew Bentley

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom

Kirsty Challen

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Emergency Department, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom

Chris Fitzsimmons

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Emergency Department, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Tim Harris

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Fiona Lecky

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Andrew Lee

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Ian Maconochie

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Emergency Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Darren Walter

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Emergency Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

All authors declare grant funding to their employing institutions from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), as outlined under financial disclosure information. SG is Deputy Director of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme, which funded the study, and chairs the NIHR HTA commissioning committee. These competing interests do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.