About the Authors

Charles Kumakamba

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Fabien R. Niama

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Francisca Muyembe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jean-Vivien Mombouli

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Placide Mbala Kingebeni

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Rock Aime Nina

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Ipos Ngay Lukusa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Gerard Bounga

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Frida N’Kawa

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cynthia Goma Nkoua

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Joseph Atibu Losoma

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Prime Mulembakani

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Maria Makuwa

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Labyringth Global Health St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America

Ubald Tamufe

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon

Amethyst Gillis

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington DC, United States of America

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Matthew LeBreton

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Mosaic, Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon

Sarah H. Olson

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Kenneth Cameron

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Unites States Fish and Wildlife Service, Bailey’s Crossroads, Virginia, United States of America

Affiliation Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Patricia Reed

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Alain Ondzie

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Alex Tremeau-Bravard

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Brett R. Smith

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Jasmine Pante

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Bradley S. Schneider

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Etiologic, Oakland, California, United States of America; Pinpoint Science, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America

David J. McIver

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada

James A. Ayukekbong

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Southbridge Care, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada

Nicole A. Hoff

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Anne W. Rimoin

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Anne Laudisoit

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America

Corina Monagin

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Tracey Goldstein

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

Damien O. Joly

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Affiliations Wildlife Conversation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America, Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada

Karen Saylors

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Labyringth Global Health St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America, Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Nathan D. Wolfe

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Edward M. Rubin

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Romain Bagamboula MPassi

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ministry of National Defense, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

Jean J. Muyembe Tamfum

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Christian E. Lange

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

clange_virology@gmx.de

Affiliations Labyringth Global Health St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America, Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada

Competing Interests

Metabiota (https://metabiota.com), Labyrinth Global Health (https://www.labyrinthgh.com), and Mosaic (https://mosaic.cm) are private contractors who receive funds from international donor organizations to conduct technical assistance and research. Metabiota employs or employed CK, FM, PMK, INL, FNK, JAL, PM, MM, UT, AG, BSS, DJM, JAA, CM, DOJ, KS, NDW, EMR, and CEL, Mosaic employs ML, and Labyrinth Global Health employs KS, MM and CEL. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. The association with commercial entities that some of the authors have does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.