About the Authors

James Heyward

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Omar Mansour

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Monument Analytics, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Lily Olson

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Sonal Singh

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America

G. Caleb Alexander

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

galexan9@jhmi.edu

Affiliations Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

I am past Chair the FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee; have served as a paid advisor to IQVIA; am a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Monument Analytics, a health care consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation; and a member of OptumRx’s National P&T Committee. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Omar Mansour is a consultant with Monument Analytics. Monument Analytics provided support in the form of salary for Mr. Mansour, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This commercial affiliation does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.