About the Authors

Karla D. Wagner

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

karlawagner@unr.edu

Affiliation School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America

Robert W. Harding

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America

Richard Kelley

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Nevada Center for Applied Research, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America

Brian Labus

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America

Silvia R. Verdugo

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation FirstWatch, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America

Elizabeth Copulsky

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Jeanette M. Bowles

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Maria Luisa Mittal

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Peter J. Davidson

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

FirstWatch is a company that creates technological solutions to manage and use real-time 9-1-1 data to inform emergency medical response. Prior to working at FirstWatch, SRV was a Project Coordinator on an NIH/NIDA-funded study related to this report. SRV conducted data collection and analysis related the larger study while she was employed as Project Coordinator for the NIH/NIDA-funded study. Her contributions towards the preparation of the current manuscript occurred while she was employed by FirstWatch, Inc. FirstWatch was compensated as a vendor to query 9-1-1 data for the larger NIH-funded studies related to this report, but has not contributed in any way to the development of the current manuscript other than with salary support paid to Dr. Verdugo as discussed in the ‘Funding’ section. KW and PJD have testified as unpaid invited experts (PJD) and public comment (KW) on the topic of opioid overdose and naloxone availability for the US Food and Drug Administration and US National Institutes of Health and other state and local governmental bodies. KW holds a separate grant from Arnold Ventures to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of an emergency department-based post-overdose intervention. These declarations do not alter our adherence to the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.