About the Authors

Paul Nuyujukian

Contributed equally to this work with: Paul Nuyujukian, Jose Albites Sanabria, Jad Saab

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America

Jose Albites Sanabria

Contributed equally to this work with: Paul Nuyujukian, Jose Albites Sanabria, Jad Saab

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America

Jad Saab

Contributed equally to this work with: Paul Nuyujukian, Jose Albites Sanabria, Jad Saab

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States of America

Chethan Pandarinath

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America

Beata Jarosiewicz

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America

Christine H. Blabe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America

Brian Franco

Roles Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America

Stephen T. Mernoff

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America

Emad N. Eskandar

Roles Resources

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America

John D. Simeral

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States of America, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America

Leigh R. Hochberg

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡These senior authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States of America, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America

Krishna V. Shenoy

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡These senior authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America

Jaimie M. Henderson

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

henderj@stanford.edu

‡These senior authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America, Bio-X Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: KVS is a consultant for Neuralink Inc. and on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Cognescent Inc. and Heal Inc. JMH is a consultant for Circuit Therapeutics and Enspire DBS and is on the Surgical Advisory board of Neuropace Inc. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.