About the Authors

Nicholas H. Dodman

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Canine Behavior Studies, Salisbury, CT, United States of America

Dorothy C. Brown

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Martingale Consulting, Media, PA, United States of America

James A. Serpell

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

serpell@vet.upenn.edu

Affiliation School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors are not aware of any competing interests. The Simon Foundation is a nonprofit foundation that provided research grants to Tufts University and The University of Pennsylvania to support the study. Our association with this entity does not alter our adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.