About the Authors

Annalisa Saracino

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

annalisa.saracino@uniba.it

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom

Milensu Shanyinde

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom

Francesca Ceccherini Silberstein

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Silvia Nozza

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Antonio Di Biagio

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Department, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Giovanni Cassola

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Giuseppe Bruno

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Maria Capobianchi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy

Massimo Puoti

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, AO Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy

Laura Monno

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Antonella d’Arminio Monforte

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo H, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

for the ICONA Foundation Study

Membership of the Icona Foundation Study is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors received no funding for this work. ICONA Foundation is sponsored by unrestricted educational grants of Abbvie, BMS, Gilead, Jannsen, MSD, ViiV, Italy; the founders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.