About the Authors

Gaby Moawad

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gnmoawad@gmail.com

Affiliation George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Emelline Liu

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America

Chao Song

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America

Alex Z. Fu

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America

Competing Interests

CS and EL are employees of Intuitive Surgical, Inc. GM serves as a consultant to Intuitive Surgical, Inc, but that relationship is not relevant to this study. AF does not have a financial relationship with Intuitive Surgical, Inc. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.