About the Authors

Heather Lyu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

hlyu@partners.org

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tim Xu

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Daniel Brotman

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Brandan Mayer-Blackwell

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Michol Cooper

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Michael Daniel

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Elizabeth C. Wick

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Vikas Saini

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Lown Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Shannon Brownlee

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Lown Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Martin A. Makary

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Surgery and the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.