About the Authors

Matthew Smuck

msmuck@stanford.edu

Affiliations PM&R Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America, Wearable Health Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America

Christy Tomkins-Lane

Affiliations Wearable Health Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America, Department of Physical Education & Recreation, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada

Ma Agnes Ith

Affiliations PM&R Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America, Wearable Health Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America

Renata Jarosz

Affiliation PM&R Section, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America

Ming-Chih Jeffrey Kao

Affiliations Wearable Health Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

Matthew Smuck-Author MS receives support from The Mobilize Center at Stanford University (NIH grant U54EB020405)NuSpine, BlueJay Mobile Health (Advisor); Vivametrica/Sikoya (Cofounder and Shareholder); SIS, NASS (Board of Directors), The Spine Journal (Executive Editorial Board), PCORI (Research grant). Christy Tomkins-Lane- Vivametrica/Sikoya - Cofounder and shareholder This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: MS CTL MCJK. Data curation: MS MCJK RJ. Formal analysis: MS CTL MCJK. Funding acquisition: MS. Methodology: MS CTL MCJK. Project administration: MS. Resources: MS MCJK MAI. Software: MCJK RJ. Supervision: MS. Visualization: MCJK. Writing – original draft: MS MCJK RJ. Writing – review & editing: MS CTL MCJK MAI.