About the Authors

Natasha Nanwa

natasha.nanwa@mail.utoronto.ca

Affiliations Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, Toronto, Canada

Beate Sander

Affiliations Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, Toronto, Canada, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada

Murray Krahn

Affiliations Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, Toronto, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Nick Daneman

Affiliations Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada

Hong Lu

Affiliation Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada

Peter C. Austin

Affiliations Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada

Anand Govindarajan

Affiliations Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Laura C. Rosella

Affiliations Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Suzanne M. Cadarette

Affiliations Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada

Jeffrey C. Kwong

Affiliations Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Competing Interests

Natasha Nanwa received stipend support throughout her PhD graduate work from the University of Toronto, Pfizer Canada, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program, and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) operating grant which funded this study. Jeffrey C. Kwong is supported by a CIHR New Investigator Award and a Clinician Scientist Award from the University of Toronto’s Department of Family and Community Medicine. Peter C. Austin is supported in part by a Career Investigator Award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Nick Daneman is supported by a CIHR Clinician Scientist Award. The other authors declare no competing interests. The University of Toronto, Pfizer Canada, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program, the Heart and Stroke Foundation, and CIHR did not participate in: study design/concept; data acquisition, analysis, or interpretation; or manuscript drafting or review. There are restrictions on sharing data from our study as public deposition of the individual-level data used in this study is not legally permitted due to provincial privacy legislation (Personal Health Information Protection Act) and the contractual obligations of the data sharing agreements between the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and the data providers. Please refer to the following link for more information: http://www.ices.on.ca/Data-and-Privacy/Privacy%20at%20ICES.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: NN JCK BS MK ND HL PCA AG LCR SMC. Data curation: NN HL. Formal analysis: NN. Funding acquisition: NN JCK BS MK ND PCA. Investigation: NN. Methodology: NN JCK BS MK ND HL PCA AG LCR SMC. Project administration: NN JCK BS MK. Resources: JCK BS MK. Software: NN HL. Supervision: JCK BS MK. Validation: NN. Visualization: NN. Writing – original draft: NN JCK BS. Writing – review & editing: NN JCK BS MK ND HL PCA AG LCR SMC.