About the Authors

Jacopo Di Gregorio

Contributed equally to this work with: Jacopo Di Gregorio, Roberta Sferra, Silvia Speca

Affiliation Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Roberta Sferra

Contributed equally to this work with: Jacopo Di Gregorio, Roberta Sferra, Silvia Speca

Affiliation Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Silvia Speca

Contributed equally to this work with: Jacopo Di Gregorio, Roberta Sferra, Silvia Speca

Affiliations University of Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), F-59000 Lille, France, IBD, Lille, France

Antonella Vetuschi

antonella.vetuschi@univaq.it

Affiliation Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Caroline Dubuquoy

Affiliation IBD, Lille, France

Pierre Desreumaux

Affiliations University of Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), F-59000 Lille, France, IBD, Lille, France, CHR Lille, Service des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif et de la Nutrition, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France

Simona Pompili

Affiliation Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Loredana Cristiano

Affiliation Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Eugenio Gaudio

Affiliation Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Vincenzo Flati

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Giovanni Latella

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

Affiliation Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

Competing Interests

Silvia Speca and Caroline Dubuquoy have financial disclosure in the field of PPARγ research with Giuliani SpA. Pierre Desreumaux has the following conflicts of interest for consulting fees, lecture fees or grant supports with Giuliani SpA, Milano, Italy, Procter and Gamble, London, UK, Shire Pharmaceuticals, USA and Lesaffre, Marcq en Baroeul, France. Giovanni Latella has consulted to MSD Italy and Shire; has received research grants from Giuliani Italy, Alfa Wassermann Italy and Sofar Italy. The authors also received funding from Nogra Pharma Ltd and the Intestinal Biotech Development of Lille, France, commercial companies, for this study. GED-0507-34 Levo is a small molecule patented by Nogra Pharma Ltd and in development for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: VF GL. Data curation: RS AV SS VF. Formal analysis: RS AV SS SP VF JDG. Funding acquisition: GL VF EG PD. Investigation: RS AV SP SS JDG VF CD. Methodology: RS AV SS JDG VF LC GL. Resources: GL VF. Software: RS AV SS JDG. Supervision: GL VF. Validation: RS AV SS VF. Writing – original draft: RS AV SS JDG VF GL. Writing – review & editing: RS AV SS GL VF.