About the Authors

Sakari S. Karhula

sakari.karhula@oulu.fi

Affiliations Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Infotech Doctoral Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Mikko A. Finnilä

Affiliations Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Mikko J. Lammi

Affiliations Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi’an, P. R. China

Janne H. Ylärinne

Affiliation Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden

Sami Kauppinen

Affiliation Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Lassi Rieppo

Affiliations Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Kenneth P. H. Pritzker

Affiliations Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Heikki J. Nieminen

Affiliations Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Simo Saarakkala

Affiliations Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SSK MAF MJL JHY SK LR KPHP HJN SS. Performed the experiments: SSK MAF MJL JHY SK LR. Analyzed the data: SSK MAF MJL JHY SK LR. Wrote the paper: SSK MAF MJL JHY SK LR KPHP HJN SS.