About the Authors

Karen Y. He

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Yiqing Zhao

Affiliation Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America

Elizabeth W. McPherson

Affiliation Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America

Quan Li

Affiliation Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Fan Xia

Affiliation Deparment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Chunhua Weng

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Kai Wang

kw2701@cumc.columbia.edu (KW); he.max@mcrf.mfldclin.edu (MMH)

Affiliations Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Max M. He

kw2701@cumc.columbia.edu (KW); he.max@mcrf.mfldclin.edu (MMH)

Affiliations Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America, Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America, Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Competing Interests

K.W. was previously a board member and shareholder of Tute Genomics, Inc. Other authors declare no competing financial interests. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to the PLOS ONE policies. Due to participant privacy, the whole-genome sequencing data and their electronic health records studied in this paper cannot be shared with others.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: MMH. Data curation: MMH YZ. Formal analysis: MMH QL. Funding acquisition: KYH KW MMH. Investigation: MMH QL KW EWM FX. Methodology: MMH KW QL FX. Project administration: MMH. Resources: MMH. Software: MMH QL. Supervision: MMH KW. Validation: EWM FX. Visualization: MMH QL. Writing – original draft: KYH KW MMH. Writing – review & editing: KYH CW KW MMH.