About the Authors

Ling Zhang

Affiliations Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

Zhuotong Nan

nanzt@njnu.edu.cn

Affiliations Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China

Yi Xu

Affiliation Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

Shuo Li

Affiliations Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210023, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZN LZ. Performed the experiments: LZ. Analyzed the data: LZ ZN YX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SL. Wrote the paper: LZ ZN.