About the Authors

Chen Chen

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Scott Zeger

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Patrick Breysse

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Joanne Katz

Affiliation Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

William Checkley

Affiliations Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Frank C. Curriero

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

James M. Tielsch

jtielsch@gwu.edu

Affiliation Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JT PB SZ JK. Performed the experiments: JT PB JK WC. Analyzed the data: CC SZ JK FC. Wrote the paper: CC SZ PB JT JK WC FC.